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| Emblica
officinalis Gaertn. |
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English
name: Gooseberry |
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Family:
Euphorbiaceae |
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Part
used: Fruit |
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The fruits are sour, astringent,
bitter, acrid, sweet, cooling,
anodyne, opthalmic, carminative,
digestive, stomachic, laxative,
alterant, aphrodisiac, diuretic,
antipyretic and tonic. They
are useful in vitiated conditions
of tridosha, diabetes, cough,
asthma, bronchitis, cephalalgia,
opthalmopathy, dyspepsia,
colic, flatulence, hyperacidity,
peptic ulcer, erysipelis,
skin diseases, leprosy,
haematogenesis, inflammations,
anaemia, emaciation, hepatopathy,
jaundice, strangury, diarrhoea,
dysentery, haemorrhages,
leucorrhoea, menorrhagia,
cardiac disorders, intermittent
fevers and greyness of hair. |
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The major bioactive constituents
of Emblica officinalis are
“hydrolysable tannins”
which include derivatives
of gallic acid viz., 1-O-galloyl-b-D-glucose, mucic acid 2-O-gallate, mucic acid 1,4
lactone 2-O-gallate and
other mucic acid, 1,4-lactone
gallate derivatives. The
other phenolic constituents
of the drug include ellagic
acid, chebulic acid, emblicanin
A & B, punigluconin,
pedunculagin, phyllanemblining
A-F, putranjivain, etc.
The fruits also contain
alkaloids viz. phyllantidine
& phyllantine ; flavonoids
viz., kaempferol-3-O-b-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucoside, etc. |
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Emblica officinalis has
been evaluated for its various
pharmacological activities.
Emblica officinalis has
been reported to have anti-tumor8 and cytotoxic9 activity
it also has hypolipidmic10, hepatoprotective11,12,
spasmolytic13, and for
its antioxidant14
activity. |
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Marker
constituents: Gallic
acid and Tannins. |
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Immuno
modulatory, anti-oxidant. |
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References: |
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1. |
Warrier
PK, Nambiar VPK,
Ramankutty C.
(1997) Indian
Medicinal Plants
a Compendium of
500 |
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species,Orient
Longman Ltd.,
Madras, 4: 256-263. |
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2. |
Nadkarni
KM. (1993) Indian
Materia Medica,
Popular Prakashan.,
Bombay . 480-
484 |
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3. |
Zhang
YJ, Tanaka T,
Yang CR, Kouno
I. (2001) Chem.
Pharm. Bull.
49(5): 537-540. |
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4. |
Mekkawy SE, Meselhy
MR, Kusumoto IT,
et al. (1995)
Chem. Pharm. Bull.
43(4): 641-648. |
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5. |
Ghosal S, Tripathi
VK, Chauhan
S. (1996) Indian
J. Chem. 35(B):
941-948. |
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6. |
Anonymous. (1999)
Indian Herbal
Pharmacopoeia,
Joint Publication
of Indian Drug
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Manufacturer’s
Association,
Mumbai and Regional
Research Laboratory,
Jammu-Tawi.
2: 50-57. |
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7. |
Zhang
YJ, Abe T, Tanaka
T, Yang C. (2001)
J. Nat. Prod.
64(12): 1527-1532. |
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8. |
Jose JK, Kuttan
G, Kuttan R.
(2001) J. Ethnopharmacol.
75: 65-69. |
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9. |
Suresh K, Vasudevan
DM. (1994) J.
Ethnopharmacol.
44, 55-60. |
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10. |
Mathur R, Sharma
A, Dixit VP,
Varma M. (1996)
J. Ethnopharmacol.
50: 61-68. |
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11. |
Roy AK, Dhir
H, Sharma A,
Talukder G.
(1991) Int.
J. Pharmacog.
29(2): 117-126. |
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12. |
Gulati RK, Agarwal
S, Agarwal SS.
(1995) Indian
J. Exp. Biol.
33: 261 –
268. |
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13. |
Rao
MRR, Siddiqui
HH. (1964) Indian
J. Exp. Biol.
2: 29-31. |
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14. |
Bhattacharya
A, Chatterjee
A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya
SK. (1999) Indian
J. Exp. Biol.
37: 676- |
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680. |
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DOC
NO. |
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NR/QCD/SPC/060 |
| ISSUE
DATE |
: |
02-04-2007 |
| REVISION
NO. |
: |
00 |
| ANALYTICAL
SPECIFICATION |
NUMBER
OF PAGES |
: |
01 |
TITLE
: EMBLICA OFFICINALIS/PHYLLANTHUS
EMBLICA EXTRACT
(³30%
TOTAL TANNINS &
³ 10%
GALLIC ACID)
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| Plant
part |
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Fruit |
Fresh/Dry
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Dry |
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Sl. No. |
Tests |
Limits |
Protocol |
| 1.
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Description |
Brown
or blackish
brown hygroscopic
powder. |
| 2.
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Identification |
To pass the test |
By TLC |
| 3.
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Physico-chemical
analysis |
< 9.0 |
As per USP <921> Method III |
| Loss
on drying
(%w/w) |
| Ash
content (%w/w) |
< 10.0 |
As per USP<561> |
| Acid
insoluble
Ash (%w/w) |
< 1.0 |
| Total
soluble solids
(%w/w) |
> 90.0 |
| pH
of 5% w/v
solution. |
2.5 - 3.8 |
As per USP<791> |
| 4.
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Particle
Size |
0.20 - 0.80 |
As per USP <616> Method -
I |
| Bulk
Density (g/cc) |
| Material passing through 30# BS/35 ASTM (%w/w) |
> 99.0 |
As per USP <786> Particle Size distribution. |
| 5.
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Heavy
metal analysis |
< 10 ppm |
AAS / ICP -ES |
| Lead |
| Arsenic |
< 2 ppm |
| Cadmium |
< 1 ppm |
| Mercury |
< 0.1 ppm |
| 6.
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Microbiological
analysis |
< 104 cfu g-1 |
As per WHO/PHARMA/92.559/Rev.1
Pg.49-52 /
As
per USP <61>
& <62> |
| As per FIP Guidelines
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| Total
Viable Aerobic
Count |
| Total
Enterobacteriaceae |
< 102 org g-1 |
| Total
Fungal Count |
< 102 fs g-1 |
| 7.
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Test
for Specific
Pathogen |
Absent |
| As per FIP Guidelines |
| E.coli (1g) |
| Salmonella
Sp.
(10g) |
Absent |
| S.aureus
(1g) |
Absent |
| 8.
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Mycotoxin
analysis |
< 5 ppb |
As per USP Test for Aflatoxins |
| Aflatoxins
(B1
+ B2
+ G1
+ G2) |
| 9.
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Pesticide
residue analysis |
To comply with USP |
As per AOAC / USP |
| As per USP & BP
Limits |
| Organochlorine
Pesticides
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| Organophosphorus
Pesticides |
| Synthetic
pyrethroids
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| 10.
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Phytochemical
analysis |
³ 30.0 |
By Spectrophotometry |
| Total Tannins as tannic acid (%w/w) |
| Gallic Acid (%w/w) |
³ 10.0 |
By HPLC |
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