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The deep litter system in poultry involves a layer of bedding designed to protect your flocks and ensure their optimal health. This bedding, composed of materials like shavings, rice hulls, manure, feathers, and other components, serves as a comfortable base for the birds. However, factors like poor ventilation, inadequate water management, and changing weather conditions can cause the litter to become damp over time. Additionally, since poultry excrete between 50 and 60 times a day, prolonged use of the system without proper maintenance increases the likelihood of wet litter.
The deep litter system in poultry is a very effective method for maintaining a clean and healthy environment for your flocks. Wet litter, if unmanaged, can lead to the production of ammonia, a harmful compound that not only affects the health of the poultry but also poses risks to human health due to its strong and foul odor. Proper management of the deep litter system ensures optimal bird health and minimizes these risks.
Instead of frequently removing and replacing the litter, the deep litter system allows the bedding materials and manure to accumulate and decompose naturally within the coop. This process reduces the frequency of cleaning to just a few times a year, while also harnessing natural decomposition to break down waste.
This deep litter system in poultry is not only practical and time-saving but also environmentally friendly, ensuring a clean and safe space for your flocks, and peace of mind for you.
What is the deep litter system in poultry?
The deep litter system in poultry or built-up litter is a sustainable and efficient method for managing poultry housing. This system involves layering fresh bedding materials such as rice hulls, sawdust, or chopped straw on the floor, starting with a depth of 3 to 5 inches and gradually increasing to 8 to 12 inches over time. The litter, combined with the poultry droppings, undergoes bacterial decomposition, which generates heat to keep the litter dry and warm, creating a comfortable environment for the birds. Feed, water, and nesting arrangements are provided inside the house, ensuring that the birds remain indoors throughout the process.
A key feature of this system is its ability to naturally manage waste through decomposition. Regular stirring of the litter ensures uniform decomposition, prevents odor buildup, and maintains a dry, friable texture. If the droppings exceed the capacity of the litter, fresh material is added to maintain the balance. After about a year, the decomposed litter is replaced and repurposed as high-quality organic compost, making it an environmentally friendly solution. When properly maintained, this method provides a practical, hygienic, and environmentally conscious approach to poultry management.
Advantages and disadvantages of the deep litter system in poultry
Advantages of the deep litter system in poultry
- Vitamins B2 and B12 are available to the birds through bacterial activity in the litter.
- The welfare of the birds is improved to some extent.
- The resulting deep litter manure serves as an excellent fertilizer.
- It creates fewer fly problems compared to the cage system.
Disadvantages of the deep litter system in poultry
- Direct contact between the birds and the litter can increase the risk of bacterial and parasitic diseases.
- Respiratory problems may arise due to dust generated by the litter.
- The cost of acquiring and maintaining the litter adds to the production expenses.
- Poor ventilation can have more serious effects than in a cage system.
Types of deep litter materials for poultry
Selecting the right materials for the deep litter system in poultry is crucial for maintaining a healthy and effective setup. Here are some recommended options:
1. Kiln-dried wood shavings
These are available at most co-ops and provide an excellent base for deep litter.
2. Wood chips
Although coarser and larger in particle size, wood chips can also be used effectively. These are often byproducts of land clearing, such as chipped branches processed through a chipper. Ensure the chips are fully dried before use; green wood chips can introduce excess moisture.
3. Wood shavings
Unlike wood chips, shavings are finer and come as byproducts from milling tree logs into boards or from cabinet shops. They work well as a bedding material.
4. Leaves
Dry, dead leaves can serve as an alternative if dried properly. Avoid damp leaves, as they can create a mold-prone environment in the coop.
5. Shredded cardboard
Plain shredded cardboard is an eco-friendly option and can be a cost-effective alternative for bedding material.
6. Agricultural residues
Materials like corn stalks or buckwheat hulls are excellent choices for litter, offering both absorbency and composting benefits.
7. Straw
Straw is another viable option if managed carefully. Avoid compaction to prevent mold, such as aspergillus, which can cause serious respiratory problems for both poultry and humans. If the straw becomes compacted and does not break down properly, mix in additional straw or remove the affected portion for conventional composting.
Each of these materials has unique properties, so consider your coop conditions and your flock’s needs when choosing the most suitable deep litter material.
How to maintain a chicken coop using the deep litter system in poultry
The deep litter system in poultry is an effective and sustainable method for managing chicken coops. Follow these four simple steps to implement and maintain this method in your poultry setup:
Step 1: Cleaning the chicken coop
Choose a day with good weather and dedicate a few hours to thoroughly cleaning the chicken coop. Start by removing all items, including feeders, waterers, and toys. Take out all the litter and accumulated droppings to ensure a clean base for the litter system. Proper ventilation during this process is essential to remove dust and odors.
Step 2: Washing and drying
Once the coop is clear, scrape off any stuck-on debris with a scraper or similar tool. Wash the coop thoroughly with warm, soapy water, ensuring all surfaces are clean. Rinse well and allow the coop to dry completely before proceeding.
Step 3: Adding fresh litter
When the coop is dry, place a 3- to 4-inch layer of fresh pine shavings or suitable bedding material on the floor, avoiding cedar shavings, as they can harm the respiratory health of poultry. Over time, as droppings accumulate, the litter depth will increase to 8 to 12 inches before the next cleaning cycle. The exact depth and frequency of cleaning depend on the size of the coop and the number of birds.
Step 4: Treating the litter
Sprinkle the fresh litter with a coop refresher. This step helps reduce odors, absorb moisture, and prolong the life of the litter. Essential oils like eucalyptus or lemongrass in the treatment also help repel flies and keep the coop smelling fresh. Apply the treatment 1-2 times per week or each time fresh litter is added.
By maintaining the deep litter system in poultry, you not only create a healthier environment for your birds but also pave the way for easier management, less odor, and higher-quality manure for use as fertilizer. This method ensures that your chicken coop remains functional and enjoyable for both you and your birds throughout the year.
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